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ONLINE TEXTBOOK:
Login - student480 Password - kwe2 (2008
Textbook)
UNIT 1: MATTER
(CH. 1)
|
PERIOD - DATE |
TOPIC - CLASSWORK - HOMEWORK (HW) - EXTRA CREDIT (EC) (5
PTS.) |
|
THU - 8/21 |
Orientation
Introduction,
Course Expectations, & Web Site
|
|
B - 8/27 - WED
C - 8/27 - WED
E - 8/27 - WED
G - 8/28 - THU
H - 8/27 - WED |
Intro to Chemistry (Read
Chapter 1: Section 1) Burning of a
Candle Observation?
Assigned Seats & Partner
Introductions (Two Special Things) (20m)
Define Chemistry using
Burning Dollar Demo & Observations Brainstorming
(20m)
"Chemistry is the study of properties & changes of matter,
and the energy involved."
Course Expectations
Review (Collect) & Lab Safety Video (20m)
Periodic Table &
Element Game,
Elements to Know Sheet
(Choose More Options Button)
(Elements 1-20) (End)
HW -
In Your Element Poster
& Signed/Parent Information Course Expectations
|
|
B - 8/28 - THU
C - 8/29 - FRI
E - 8/29 - FRI
G - 8/29 - FRI
H - 8/28 - THU
|
Properties of Matter (Read Chapter 1: Section 2)
Bellringer - List the symbols
from Elements 1-10 on a piece of paper. Now do your
best
from
memory to write the names of the elements without your
periodic table.
Collecting Element Posters, Course Expectations. (10m)
Define Mass & Matter using Balloon
Weighing Demo (10m)
"Mass is the measure of the amount of matter. Think
scale: like 175 lbs."
"Matter is anything that has mass, and takes up space."
States of Matter in Water
&
Properties of Matter (10m) - See Extra Credit Below
"Solids have a definite volume and shape. Ex. Ice"
"Liquids have a definite volume, but an indefinite shape.
Ex. Water"
"Gases have neither a definite volume or shape. Ex.
Steam or Water Vapor"
Making Slime (CM: Dec
04 - pg. 16): Borax, Elmer's Glue, Coloring, Cups, Bags
(40m)
HW - Physical and Chemical
Properties & Changes Questions
EC - Write a one-page paper
briefly describing the four atypical states of Matter:
Ionized & Quark-Gluon Plasmas, and Bose-Einstein & Fermionic
Condensates.
EC - Read
The Science of
Slime (CM: Dec 04 - pgs. 13-15). Write a one-page summary. |
|
B - 9/2 - TUE
C - 9/2 - TUE
E - 9/2 - TUE
G - 9/3 - WED
H - 9/2 - TUE
|
Matter Classification
Review Properties &
Changes Packet Answers (15m)
Matter Classification,
Chart, &
Examples
Activity & Textbooks (12 Stations) (45m)
Review Matter Classification
Answers (10m)
HW - Cover Textbook &
Classification Worksheet
EC - Bring in a Mixture for
the Class to Eat! |
|
|
Extra Day? Lab before test
with no new material, just reinforcement ?? |
|
B - 9/3 - WED-FRI
C - 9/4 - THU-FRI
E - 9/4 - THU-FRI
G - 9/4 - THU-MON
H - 9/3 - WED-FRI
|
Elements: Metals, Nonmetals,
& Metalloids Lab
(Read Chapter 1: Section 3)
Periodic Table Regions
Coloring, Check Textbook Covers, & Eating Mixtures! (20m)
Label: Groups, Periods, Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids, &
Noble Gases
Metals, Nonmetals,
& Metalloids Lab &
Reviewing Expected Results (50m)
HW - Finish Metals Lab
Questions & Review Matter & Elements (1-10) for Quiz |
|
B - 9/8 - MON
C - 9/9 - TUE
E - 9/9 - TUE
G - 9/9 - TUE
H - 9/8 - MON
|
Matter Review &
TEST
(Modify)
(Read Chapter 1: Highlights)
Collect & Review Metals Lab Questions
(20m)
EC - Finish
Elements:
What's in a Name using Periodic Table. |
|
|
Modern Marvels: Metal (Order
History Channel) |
|
B - 9/10 - WED
C - 9/10 - WED
E - 9/10 - WED
G - 9/11 - THU
H - 9/10 - WED
|
Adopt an Element Projects
(Elements Handbook in Back of Textbook)
Adopt an Element Project,
Element Game
(1-20), Quiz Make-Ups, & Meetings
(70m)
Redo element
list to reflect complete periodic table, less lanthanides &
actinides.
HW - Practice Elements (1-20) &
Work on Element Project
EC - Bring in a Box of
Saltines or a Drink w/ Cups |
|
OPTIONAL |
Living with Ed (Recycling Sheet) |
UNIT 2: METHODS
(CH. 2)
|
PERIOD - DATE |
TOPIC - CLASSWORK - HOMEWORK (HW) - EXTRA CREDIT (EC) (5
PTS.) |
|
B - 9/11 - THU
C - 9/12 - FRI
E - 9/12 - FRI
G - 9/12 - FRI
H - 9/11 - THU
|
Scientific Method
(Read Chapter 2: Section 1)
Bellringer - List the symbols
from Elements 1-20 on a piece of paper. Now do your
best
from
memory to write the names of the elements without your
periodic table.
Pass Back Matter Quizzes &
Metals Labs (15m)
Saltines Scientific Method
&
Methods Handout
(55m.)
HW –
Simpsons Scientific Method
Worksheet
EC - Perform a
Safe Experiment with your Parents, and write up what you did
using
all the parts of the Scientific Method. Have your
parents sign your write-up. |
|
B - 9/15 - MON
C - 9/15 - MON
E - 9/15 - MON
G - 9/16 - TUE
H - 9/15 - MON
|
Measurement,
Derived Units &
Conversions (Read
Chapter 2: Section 2)
Simpsons
Worksheet Review (20m)
Powers of Ten (10m)
Measurement
-Metric Units - Mass (g),
Length (m), Time (s), Temperature (K) (20m)
Volume, Density,
& Temperature
Calculations
Prefixes - Kilo (1km/1000m), Centi
(1m/100cm), and Milli (1m/1000mm)
Conversions
Stations Activity - 1)
Pencil (cm to km) 2) Breath Holding (seconds to years)
3)
Age (years to seconds) 4) Paper Clip (g to kg) 5)
Temperature in (C to K) (30m)
6)
Height Measuring (cm to km)
HW - Finish Prefixes
Worksheet and Conversions Problems
EC - Make a
Density Column with Your Parents & Bring it in to School |
|
B - 9/16 - TUE
C - 9/17 - WED
E - 9/17 - WED
G - 9/17 - WED
H - 9/16 - TUE
|
Scientific Notation
(Combine with Sig Figs and make new
Worksheet Game)
Prefixes & Conversions
Activities Review (20m)
Scientific Notation - Converting to and Expanding From (20m)
Scientific Notation
Worksheet Basketball Candy Game (30m)
HW – Finish Scientific
Notation Worksheet & Adopt an Element
Project
|
|
B - 9/18 - THU
C - 9/18 - THU
E - 9/18 - THU
G - 9/22 - MON
H - 9/18 - THU
|
Uncertainty (Read
Chapter 2: Section 3)
Collect Element Projects (10m)
Accuracy & Precision
Handout & Percent Error (15m)
"Accuracy is the closeness of measurements to the accepted
value."
"Precision is the closeness of measurements to the other
measurements."
"Percent Error = (Experimental) - (Accepted) x 100"
(Accepted)
Uncertainty Price is Right (Accuracy,
Precision, & Percent Error) (25m)
HW - Finish Data Table
Calculations for
Price is Right |
|
B - 9/22 - MON
C - 9/23 - TUE
E - 9/23 - TUE
G - 9/23 - TUE
H - 9/22 - MON
|
Copper Density Lab
Density
Graphing Lab (50m)
Element Game
(1-20) (20m)
HW - Finish Density Lab
Worksheet
EC - Write a one-page paper
about properties and major uses of Copper. |
|
B - 9/24 - WED
C - 9/24 - WED
E - 9/24 - WED
G - 9/25 - THU
H - 9/24 - WED
|
Significant Figures
Significant
Figures Rules &
Calculations (20m)
Significant Figures Worksheet
Race & Prizes (30m)
Element Game
(1-20) (20m)
HW - Review Methods Notes &
Elements (1-20) for Quiz. |
|
B - 9/25 - THU
C - 9/26 - FRI
E - 9/26 - FRI
G - 9/26 - FRI
H - 9/25 - THU
|
Methods Review & Test
(Read Chapter 2: Highlights)
EC - Finish
Element
Word Search Puzzles using Periodic Table. |
|
B - 9/29 - MON
C - 9/29 - MON
E - 9/29 - MON
G - 9/30 - TUE
H - 9/29 - MON
|
Mythbusters Scientific Methods
(Penny Drop Episode Worksheet)
HW - Finish Adopt an Element
Project (If not done already) |
|
B - 9/30 - TUE
C - 10/1 - WED
E - 10/1 - WED
G - 10/1 - WED
H - 9/30 - TUE
|
Unit Review &
Student Meetings (Read Chapter 1 & 2: Highlights)
Unit Review
Sheet
& Making One-Sided Note Card
for Test
Making Answer Keys for Matter
& Methods Quizzes
Quiz Make-Ups & Student Meetings
HW - Finish Note Card, Quiz
Answer Keys & Review for Unit Test |
|
B - 10/2 - THU - FRI
C - 10/2 -THU-MON
E - 10/2 -THU-MON
G - 10/3 -FRI - MON
H - 10/2 -THU-FRI
|
Unit Test -
Matter, Methods, & Elements with Bonus Word Search
Diet Coke
and Mentos &
Article
HW - Finish Diet Coke
& Mentos Questions
HW - Bring your textbook to
the next class. You will get points for doing this!
|
|
OPTIONAL |
Living with Ed (Recycling Sheet) |
ATOMS (CH. 3 &
21)
|
PERIOD - DATE |
TOPIC - CLASSWORK - ASSIGNMENTS |
|
B - 10/7 - TUE
C - 10/7 - TUE
E - 10/7 - TUE
G - 10/8 - WED
H - 10/7 - TUE
|
ATOMS (CH.
3)
Atomic History
(Read Chapter 3: Sections 1 & 2)
Hand Back Tests & Progress
Reports (Signed for HW)
Bellringer: New
Seating Chart, and introducing Bellringers on the Web Site.
Get today's handout, and fill in the definition of the law
of conservation of mass from below.
"Law of Conservation of Mass
states that mass is neither created or destroyed during
ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes." (10
mins.)
Homework: Finish
Atomic History WS & Conservation of Mass Activity WS
Atomic
History Race Worksheet (40 mins.)
Use Chapter 3 from your
textbook to fill in the blank spaces using the word list.
Conservation of Mass Activity using Vinegar & Baking Soda (20 mins.)
Draw pictures, and record the
mass of the starting and ending chemicals in the bag. |
|
B - 10/8 - WED
C - 10/9 - THU
E - 10/9 - THU
G - 10/9 - THU
H - 10/8 - WED
|
Atomic Structure
(Read Chapter 3: Section 3)
Bellringer: Review Answers to Atomic History Race
Worksheet (10 mins.)
Homework: None
Atomic Structure Candy
& Toothpick Activity (30 mins.)
"Atomic Number is the number of protons and electrons of
each element atom."
"Mass
Number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus"
Plum Pudding Model -
Building and Color Drawings of Lithium (AN=3, MN=7)
Rutherford
Gold Foil Experiment Visual
Rutherford Model -
Building and Color Drawings of Lithium (AN=3, MN=7)
"Protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus."
"Neutrons are neutrally charged particles in the nucleus."
"Electrons are negatively charged particles in a cloud
surrounding the nucleus."
"Nuclear forces are proton and neutron forces that hold the
nucleus together."
Atom Building Kits
Rotation Competition (30 mins.)
Teams build an atom, and rotate to other kits to solve what
atom was built.
Table: Element, Symbol, Atomic #, Mass #, Protons,
Electrons, Neutrons.
Practice:
Atomic Numbers Game |
|
B - 10/10 - FRI
C - 10/10 - FRI
E - 10/10 - FRI
G - 10/13 - MON
H - 10/10 - FRI
|
Atomic Numbers
(Read Chapter 3: Section 3)
Bellringer: List the following: Symbol, Atomic #,
Mass #, Protons, Electrons, Neutrons.
for:
A) Helium B) Carbon C) Neon D) Nitrogen
E) Sodium F) Boron
Homework: Finish Atomic Structure Worksheet
Atomic Structure &
Calculating Average Atomic Mass with Worksheet (30m)
"Isotopes
are atoms of the same element with different masses due to
neutrons."
"Isotope name is: element-mass number, like hydrogen-2"
"Nuclear symbol is the element symbol, with mass number to
the upper left, and
atomic number to the lower left of the symbol."
"Atomic Mass Units (AMU) are 1/12 the relative mass of a
Carbon-12 atom."
"Average Atomic Mass is the weighted average of the
naturally occurring isotopes."
Average Atomic Mass
Activity with Pennium (Pre 82 - 3.1g, Post 82- 2.5g)
(30m)
Pennium has two naturally occurring isotopes: Pre-82 and
Post-82. Your group will
have
ten Pennium atoms, to determine the mass of each isotope,
and then use the
ratios of each isotope, with their masses, to get the
average mass of Pennium. |
|
B - 10/10 - FRI
C - 10/10 - FRI
E - 10/10 - FRI
G - 10/13 - MON
H - 10/10 - FRI
|
The
Mole
(Read Chapter 3: Section 3)
Mole, Avogadro, Molar
Mass, Gram/Mole, Mole/Atoms Conversions? |
|
B - 10/13 - MON
C - 10/14 - TUE
E - 10/14 - TUE
G - 10/14 - TUE
H - 10/13 - MON
|
NUCLEUS
(CH. 21)
Nuclear Stability & Reactions (Read Chapter 21:
Section 1 & 2)
Review Atomic Numbers
Worksheet (10m)
Mass Defect (N=1.008665,
P=1.007276, E=0.0005486 amu) (He= 4.002602 amu) (10m)
"Mass Defect
is the reduced mass of an atom compared to its individual
parts"
"Nuclear Binding Energy is energy (mass) released when the
nucleus is formed."
Band of
Stability
(Neutron to Proton Ratio - 1:1 is Stable, 1.5:1 is Unstable)
(20m)
Magnets, Marbles, & Tape Model of the Nuclear Force and
Electrostatic Repulsion
"As
proton number increases, positive forces repel each other,
creating instability."
"Nuclear reactions are when unstable nuclei give off
particles to become more stable."
Uranium Decay
Series (20m) & Radioactive Decay Worksheet (30m)
EC - Write a one-page paper
on Quarks and Leptons.
Half-Life
Half-Life Decay
& Half-Life Pennies Lab, Graphing, Questions, & Review (70m)
"Half-Life is the time it takes for half the atoms of a
radioactive sample to decay."
Half-Life Class Demonstration
"Half-Life Survivor"
HW - Nuclear Chemistry
Worksheet
EC - Write a one-page paper
on Transuranium Elements & how they are made. |
|
|
Radiation (Read Chapter 21: Section 3)
Nuclear Tech in Video?
Review Nuclear Chemistry
Worksheet (10m)
Radiation
Detection Scintillator Demo (20m)
Radioactivity Article
& Personal Radiation Profile (CM: Apr 00) (30m)
Atomic Numbers Game (10m) |
|
B -
C -
E -
G -
H -
|
Fission & Fusion (Read Chapter 21: Section 4)
Fission & Chain Reactions
& Nuclear Reactors (20m)
"Fission is when an unstable heavy nuclei splits into
smaller, more stable nuclei."
"Nuclear reactors & Atomic Bombs use controlled fission to
produce energy."
"Fusion is when unstable small nuclei combine into larger,
more stable nuclei."
PhET Nuclear Radiation Chain Reactions Simulation
&
Sun Fusion Simulation
(20m)
Trinity and Beyond: Atomic
Bomb Explosions DVD (30m)
HW - Review Atoms-Nucleus
Notes |
|
|
Nuclear Review & Test
(Read Chapters 3 & 21: Highlights)
EC - Finish
Atoms Crossword
Puzzle |
|
|
Modern Marvels: Nuclear Tech or Trinity
(Order History Channel) |
|
|
Nuclear Project & Student Meetings (Chapter 21)
Nuclear Applications Project,
Quiz Make-Ups, & Student Meetings |
ELECTRONS (CH. 4)
|
PERIOD - DATE |
TOPIC - CLASSWORK - ASSIGNMENTS |
|
9 |
ELECTRONS
(CH. 4)
United
Streaming Video? & Luminol Chemicluminescense Demo
Light & Bohr (Read Chapter 4: Section 1)
Electrons Cathode Ray
Tube by Thomson &
Millikan & Cathode Ray
Demo (20m)
EM Spectrum, Wavelength &
Frequency (Slinky
Demo)
cm apr 00 how do microwaves
work?
Photoelectric Effect (Ball
Throwing at Fair)
(phet demo on
photoelectric effect etc)
"A Quantum of energy
is the minimum amount of energy lost or gained by an atom."
"Photons are particles
of EM radiation with no mass carrying a quantum energy."
"Photoelectric Effect
is the emission of photons by metals when shined with
light."
Hydrogen Atom (pHET Hydrogen Atom Demo)
Quantum Model of Atom (Read Chapter 4: Section 2)
Electron Waves, Schrodinger,
Heisenberg
"Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is
impossible to tell the exact location
and velocity of electrons or other small particles."
In Text Lab: Wave Nature of
Light
Atomic Orbitals & Quantum
Numbers
"Orbitals are regions around the nucleus that indicate the
electron's probable location."
"Quantum numbers specify properties of orbitals and
electrons."
Drawing Atoms with Orbitals ( |
|
B -
C -
E -
G -
H -
|
Electron Configuration (Read Chapter 4: Section 3)
Review Winter Energy Homework
(15m)
Electron Configuration Notation, Orbital Notation, &
Noble Gas Notation (35m)
"Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in
an atom."
"Aufbau principle is that an electron occupies the lowest
energy orbital that is open."
"Pauli
exclusion principle states that no electrons have the same
quantum numbers."
"Hund's
rule states that orbitals of equal energy are completely
occupied by one
electron of similar spins, before adding second electrons of
opposite spins."
Electron Configuration Class
Modeling Activity (20m)
HW - Electron Configuration
Worksheet |
|
B -
C -
E -
G -
H -
|
Flame Test Lab
HW - Finish Lab Questions |
|
13 |
Electrons Review & Test (Read Chapter 4:
Highlights) |
|
B -
C -
E -
G -
H -
|
Solar Energy: Saved by the
Sun
HW - Read
Winter
Heating Tips
& Make a list of ten ways (sentences)
to reduce energy
costs. Then share the list with your
parents, and have them sign it when you're done. |
UNIT 3: PERIODIC
TABLE, BONDING, & COMPOUNDS (CH. 5, 6, & 7)
|
PERIOD - DATE |
TOPIC - CLASSWORK - ASSIGNMENTS |
|
B -
C -
E -
G -
H -
|
PERIODIC
TABLE (CH. 5)
Periodic Table History
(Read Chapter 5: Section 1)
Periodic Table Introduction &
Bill Nye Videos (20m)
Web
"Cannizzaro
discovered an accurate way to measure atomic masses (1860)."
"Mendeleev
created the first periodic table of elements (1869)."
"Ramsay discovered several noble gases to complete the table
(1898)."
"Moseley
discovered that elements were ordered by atomic number
(1911)."
Mendeleev Lab of 1869 & Making Periodic Table Poster (50m)
Alien Periodicity Activity
(50m) or
HW - Bring Textbook to Class
Guch 24
Periodic Table |
|
B -
C -
E -
G -
H -
|
Periodic Blocks (Read Chapter 5: Section 2)
Coloring Periodic Table
Blocks & Groups (20m)
Alkali- Earth Metals Demo
(Book)
Group Research on Six
Properties of Groups 1, 2, 13-18 (40m)
HW - |
|
|
Periodic Trends (Read Chapter 5: Section 3)
Atomic Radii, Ionization
Energy, Electron Affinity, Ionic Radii, Valence Electrons,
Electronegativity
Alkali Metals Demo (Na, K,
Li)
element periodicity bingo
MC Microscale Halide
Reactivity Lab |
|
|
BONDING (CH.
6)
Intro to Bonding (Read Chapter 6: Section 1)
Types of Bonds
|
|
|
Covalent Bonding (Read Chapter 6: Section 2)
Electron Dot & Octet Rule
ionic and covalent bonding lab guch 24
Mc microscale: conductivity
indicating bond type lab
mc microscale: chemical bonds
lab |
|
|
Ionic Bonding (Read Chapter 6: Section 3)
Ionic, Comparisons
polarity jce apr 07 |
|
|
Metallic Bonding (Read Chapter 6: Section 4) |
|
|
Molecular Geometry (Read Chapter 6: Section 5) |
|
|
POSSIBLY SECOND SEMESTER
COMPOUNDS (CH.
7)
Chemical Formulas
(Read Chapter 7: Section 1)
John Dalton & Laws (pages
67-71 ch 3 & conservation of mass lab)
Ion Flame Test JCE Dec 04
guch new pg 78 ionics and valence sheet
mc microscale: tests for iron
ii and iron iii
mc microscale: qualitative
analysis ionics
Ions or Molecules JCE Apr 06 |
|
|
Oxidation Numbers
(Read Chapter 7: Section 2)
|
|
|
Forces in Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding JCE Mar 05
water filtration jce feb 04 |
|
|
Rachel Carson's
Silent Spring |
|
|
Mole & Molar Mass (Read Chapter 7: Section 3)
Chalk Moles Lab
moles of air in classroom
guch new |
|
|
Mole, Gram, Molecule Conversions
moles etc lab guch 24 |
|
|
Percent Composition
mole airlines activity
(binder)
guch lab 24 |
|
|
Empirical Formula (Read Chapter 7: Section 4) |
|
|
Molecular Formula |
|
|
Copper Sulfate Lab |
|
|
Unit Review |
|
January Exam |
Unit Test |
UNIT 4
|
|
REACTIONS (CH.
8)
Chemical Equations
complete equations guch 24 & lab (use
your own reactions though)
|
|
|
Balancing Equations I
Balancing Game |
|
|
Balancing Equations II |
|
|
Chemical Reactions I
Reactions in a Bag from
Godin
Conservation of Mass Guch 24
chem reactions jce 9
discovery of oxygen jce
mc microscale: oxygen gas |
|
|
Chemical Reactions II
Candle Combustion JCE Apr 08
combusiont jce 56
34 jce flame retardants
mc microscale: colored
precipitates reactions |
|
|
Global Warming:
What's Up With the Weather
phet sim greenhouse effect
(heat)
carbon dioxide activities cm
sept 01 |
|
|
Reactions Lab
Guch 24 Chem Reactions Lab
mc microscale: reactions o2
and h2 |
|
|
STOICHIOMETRY (CH. 9)
Stoichiometry Intro
guch 24 materials
lego stoich jce 43
jce 3 baking soda stoich |
|
|
Stoichiometry Math
jce 31 soda stoichiometry |
|
|
Limiting Reactants
Smores Limiting Reactants
guch 24 limiting reagent lab |
|
|
Percent Yield
guch 24 percent yield lab |
|
|
Reactions Review |
|
February Break |
Reactions Test |
UNIT 5
|
|
STATES (CH.
10)
Phases & KMT
Global Warming JCE Feb 08
jce 44 ice cube string
phase changes jce 26
guch new ch 15 molecular motion |
|
|
Solids |
|
|
Liquids Intro
guch new scalded hand demo p 88
guch solutions and molarity 24
phet solubility sim (chem)
mc microscale: clock
reactions |
|
|
Solubility Curves
guch 24 solubility
solutions - kool mixes jce
dec 06
mc microscale: solubility of
transition elements |
|
|
Concentration
Making a Solution (Guch New Ch. 5)
Dilutions Guch New Ch 6 use NaOH from
above
Kool Aid Concentration JCE Feb 05 |
|
|
Acids & Bases I
guch 24 acid base properties
acid raindrops jce 50 |
|
|
Acids & Bases II
Household Acids Bases Lab
jce 58 bath bubblers
acid base co2 jce 49 |
|
|
pH
Guch new Ch 8 making an indicator lab
soil testing jce feb 06 |
|
|
Titrations
guch 24 titrations
Titration Lab Guch New Ch 7 using NaOH
solutions from concentration day
phet pH scale sim
mc microscale: ionic
equations |
|
|
Vinegar Titration Lab
mc microscale:
acetic acid in vinegar |
|
|
Buffers
Laundry Buffers JCE Ma | |